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• Il concetto di "diagnosi fuzzy": una applicazione alla malattia di Anderson-Fabry* / The concept of "fuzzy diagnosis": an application to the Anderson-Fabry disease

  Elena Mancini, Roberta Martina Zagarella

  507-524

  11-12-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.554

  1060

  PDF (Italian): 8

• Un'etica per la salute a partire dal concetto di malattia in senso cognitivista / An ethic for health from the concept of disease in a cognitivist perspective

  Antonio Scoppettuolo

  475-494

  11-10-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.502

  1108

  PDF (Italian): 12

• Dall'homo patiens all'homo rebellis: analisi della nuova percezione di salute e malattia in epoca contemporanea

  Rosalba Gentile

  30-12-2012

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2012.117

  894

  PDF (Italian): 8

• La diagnosi genetica preimpianto: aspetti biomedici con aggiornamenti di letteratura scientifica

  L. Romano, F. Fabbrini, P. D'Agostino, L. Nitsch

  28-02-2006

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.367

  924

  PDF (Italian): 7

• Le cellule staminali: dall'applicazione clinica al parere etico Parte II. Le cellule staminali non embrionali

  Jacques Suaudeau

  30-10-2006

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.342

  625

  PDF (Italian): 4

• Could iPS cells be clinically useful?

  Justo Aznar

  30-04-2010

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2010.218

  686

  PDF (Italian): 2

• Malattia, desiderio di morte e depressione: la necessità di valutazione clinica e di riflessione etica sul confine tra diritto di scelta e diritto alla cura

  Giuseppe Bersani

  30-12-2011

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.151

  2585

  PDF (Italian): 7

• Il malato e il nemico Questioni etiche e antropologiche dell'uso sociale della medicina

  Alessandra Papa

  04-04-2016

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2012.128

  691

  PDF (Italian): 2

• Sulla richiesta di sospensione dei trattamenti nella prospettiva etico-clinica

  Ignacio Carrasco de Paula, Nunziata Comoretto, Adriana Turriziani

  30-12-2007

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2007.295

  624

  PDF (Italian): 8

• Identità e autonomia: due nozioni alla prova del morbo di Alzheimer / Identity and autonomy: two notions at the test bed of Alzheimer's disease

  Stefano Fuselli

  451-463

  30-10-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.552

  649

  PDF (Italian): 6

• Cosa voglio fare alla fine della vita? Consapevolezza della malattia, conoscenza delle procedure cliniche e delle direttive anticipate in pazienti con malattie croniche progressive / What do I want to be done at end-of-life? Disease awareness, knowledge of clinical procedures and of advanced directives in patients with chronic progressive diseases

  Anna Giardini, Marcella Ottonello, Carlo Pasetti, Debora Pain, Ines Giorgi

  11-24

  23-03-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.525

  1152

  PDF (Italian): 36

• Bioetica clinica - La protezione dei diritti del minore nella Sindrome di Münchausen per procura: una riflessione etica

  Pamela Tozzo, Mario Picozzi, Luciana Caenazzo

  30-04-2015

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2015.28

  1207

  PDF (Italian): 7

• Cure palliative all'interno di una struttura ospedaliera: una ipotesi concreta o una provocazione? Considerazioni di un gruppo di lavoro costituito all'interno dell'Ospedale Fatebenefratelli dell'Isola Tiberina di Roma

  M.T. Iannone, V. Fabiano, R. Basile, C. Caprini, E. Cassetta, S. Colizza, D.C. Corsi, F. Feleppa, D. Monno, R. Rossi, M. Sebastiani, R. Sonnino, V. Venturini, B. Ramos

  28-02-2013

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2013.108

  872

  PDF (Italian): 3

• La sindrome da iperstimolazione ovarica: tra clinica ed etica

  Zoya Serebrovska, Maria Luisa Di Pietro

  30-04-2006

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.363

  706

  PDF (Italian): 9

• La ricerca del significato come cardine della cura: riflessioni ed esperienze nell'ambito delle Cure Palliative

  Elisabetta Cerboni, Maria Adelaide Ricciotti, Antonella Galiano, Adriana Turriziani

  28-02-2013

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2013.106

  1128

  PDF (Italian): 14

• Medico e infermiere insieme per una medicina più umana

  Gennaro Nuzzo

  30-06-2013

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2013.95

  879

  PDF (Italian): 5

• Children and disability in the age of sharenting. The "right to an open future" as a principle for an ethical evaluation

  Silvia Scalzaretto

  191-206

  21-07-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2023.1235

  1006

  PDF (Italian): 13

• Il diritto all'informazione nella Convenzione di Oviedo: implicazioni etiche e deontologiche / The right to be informed in the Oviedo Convention and its ethical implications

  Mario Oppes

  811-825

  25-01-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.522

  827

  PDF (Italian): 6

• La salute dell'uomo tra scienza medica e filosofia La medicina estetica nell'assistenza olistica

  Maria Teresa Iannone

  30-04-2007

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2007.321

  1076

  PDF (Italian): 4

• A study on the degree of knowledge and evaluation of the Italian law regarding the prevention of AIDS

  P. Cattorini, E. Bertoli, F. Buzzi, R. Gornati, A. Lazzarin, D. Morelli, A. G. Spagnolo, M. Zanchetti

  273-317

  30-04-1994

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1994.1021

  210

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Clinical-ethical approach to Trisomy 18: a disease incompatible with life?

  Barbara Corsano, Dario Sacchini, Patrizia Papacci, Antonio G. Spagnolo

  201-215

  07-07-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2022.1208

  918

  PDF (Italian): 27

• Nuovi scenari di cura nella medicina tecnologica: cronicità della malattia e la sua evoluzione

  Rosetta Bellini

  30-08-2011

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.160

  602

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Pregnancy and chronic nephropaties: maternal renal risk Implications for so-called "therapeutic abortion "

  G. Stirati, A. Pierucci, E. Boccia, C. Mazzoni, R. Colonnelli, A. R. Rocca, A. Pachì, A. G. Spagnolo

  501-517

  30-06-1995

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1995.982

  220

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Multidisciplinary approach to the diabetic child

  Giovanni Marietti, Livia Di Bernardo, Paolo Pantanella, Paola Metastasio, Claudio La Valle

  10-06-1989

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1989.1282

  105

  PDF (Italian): 2

• The unspeakable of the human condition. Against Peter Singer's thesis

  Valentina Voce

  49-69

  20-04-2020

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2020.607

  1097

  PDF (Italian): 18

• L'autosperimentazione nelle malattie rare: analisi dei profili etici e indicazioni per una possibile governance / The self-experimentation on rare diseases: analysis of ethical profiles and instructions for a possible governance

  Elena Mancini

  45-61

  15-03-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.475

  973

  PDF (Italian): 5

• Verso una proposta eticamente accettabile nella prevenzione delle malattie del DNA mitocondriale / Towards an ethically acceptable proposal in the prevention of mitochondrial DNA-associated diseases

  Lucía Gòmez-Tatay, José Miguel Hernández-Andreu, Justo Aznar

  9-17

  21-09-2016

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2016.425

  798

  PDF (Italian): 4

• Caring for patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: ethical issues in the different phases of the disease.

  Carlo Pasetti, Giovanna Zanini

  939-967

  31-10-2004

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2004.626

  353

  PDF: 1

• Bioetica clinica - Kernittero neonatale da deficit di G6PD. Il rischio sanitario della fecondazione artificiale eterologa

  D. De Luca, A. Virdis, M.L. Di Pietro, E. Zecca

  30-08-2008

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2008.276

  729

  PDF (Italian): 0

• The genome project and the knowledge regarding normal and pathological human genes Ethical and deontological problems

  Vincenzo L. Pascali, Ernesto d'Aloja

  219-232

  30-04-1992

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1992.1106

  208

  PDF (Italian): 0

• One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: the new concept of personal data in the European Health Data Space

  Elena Mancini

  543-560

  19-12-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2025.1661

  459

  PDF (Italian): 11

• Aspectos científicos y èticos de la epidemia del Virus de Inmuno Deficiencia Humana (VIH) y el Síndrome de Inmuno-Deficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) Hacia una propuesta autènticamente humana

  Fernando Chomali Garib

  519-554

  30-06-2004

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2004.637

  274

  PDF (Italian): 4

• Il concetto di malattia in Pascal / Pascal's concept of disease

  Maria Vita Romeo

  195-207

  05-05-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.487

  2470

  PDF (Italian): 3

• Il decreto della corte di Appello di Milano sul caso Englaro e la richiesta di una legge sul c.d. testamento biologico

  C. Casini, M. Casini, E. Traisci, M.L. Di Pietro

  30-08-2008

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2008.273

  797

  PDF (Italian): 9

• Percorso assistenziale e scelte terapeutiche nella Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica (SLA) / Care pathway and therapeutics choices for Amyiotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

  Mario Sabatelli

  157-174

  20-06-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.533

  1089

  PDF (Italian): 20

• Le cellule staminali: dall'applicazione clinica al parere etico Parte I. Le cellule staminali embrionali

  Jacques Suaudeau

  30-08-2006

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.346

  652

  PDF (Italian): 5

• La perspectiva ètica de los mèdicos residentes / The ethical perspective of resident physicians

  Guadalupe Grimaux, Agustín Silberberg

  177-194

  05-05-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.486

  1316

  PDF (Italian): 4

• Bioethical and biojuridical approach to the genetic counselling for Alzheimer's disease.

  Lorella Garofalo, Vincenza Mele

  41-59

  28-02-2001

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2001.716

  372

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Comunicazione, informazione e relazione tra paziente oncologico, personale sanitario e familiari. Risultati di una indagine sul campo

  Paola Delbon, Giordano Beretta, Cristina Wührer, Adelaide Conti

  28-02-2010

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2010.223

  1971

  PDF (Italian): 3

• Dare voce ai pazienti nella ricerca sulle malattie rare e sui famaci orfani / Giving patients a voice in the rare diseases and orphan drugs research

  Elena Mancini, Roberta Martina Zagarella

  25-40

  23-03-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.526

  915

  PDF (Italian): 14

• The invisible sufferers of poverty: too many trees to notice the forest? International health policies to combat Neglected Tropical Diseases and poverty

  Elena Mancini

  39-54

  14-04-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2022.1198

  1387

  PDF (Italian): 6

• Come concepisce l'Associazione Medica Reale Olandese il ruolo del medico nell'interruzione della vita su richiesta?

  Willem J. Eijk

  30-12-2011

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.149

  729

  PDF (Italian): 6

• Il dibattito in Bioetica - Health and disease: a multicultural dichotomy

  Michele Karaboue, Giorgia La Casella, Karidia Karaboue, Luigi Cipolloni, Maria Antonella Bosco, Stefania De Simone

  207-212

  21-07-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2023.1236

  573

  PDF: 15

• Vanità, moda e diritto alla salute: problemi di legittimazione giuridica della chirurgia estetica

  Nicola Posteraro

  30-04-2014

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2014.63

  1113

  PDF (Italian): 3

• La prevenzione in andrologia: recenti acquisizioni e nuove prospettive scientifiche ed etiche

  A. Mancini, R. Festa, G. Grande, L. De Marinis, A.G. Spagnolo, M.L. Di Pietro

  30-10-2006

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.341

  642

  PDF (Italian): 4

• La deontología mèdica desde la tradición hipocrática al Cristianismo

  Gonzalo Herranz Rodríguez

  30-06-2010

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2010.211

  603

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Atto medico, spersonalizzazione e chirurgia estetica. La nascita del nuovo diritto alla bellezza

  Nicola Posteraro

  30-10-2014

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2014.46

  902

  PDF (Italian): 1

• A fetus at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia

  Antonio G. Spagnolo, Maria Luisa Di Pietro

  759-778

  31-08-1990

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1990.1169

  269

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Il livello di speranza nei pazienti oncologici in cura chemioterapica. Un'indagine sperimentale / The level of hope in the cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. An experimental investigation

  Melissa Maioni

  525-543

  11-12-2018

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2018.555

  818

  PDF (Italian): 4

• Strategie allocative per la persona nella economia sanitaria

  Carlo Hanau

  28-02-2005

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2005.406

  518

  PDF (Italian): 9

• Ethical principles in prescribing drugs to elderly patients

  F. Cavazzuti, R. Nardi, C. D'Anastasio

  637-665

  31-08-1994

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1994.1006

  238

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Il programma di eliminazione della filariasi linfatica in Bangladesh: un modello esportabile? / The lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in Bangladesh: an exportable model?

  Elena Mancini

  495-511

  11-10-2017

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.503

  999

  PDF (Italian): 6

• L'utilizzo del placebo secondo l'ultima versione della Dichiarazione di Helsinki. Dibattito fra due posizioni etiche

  Fabrizio Liborio, Pablo Requena Meana

  28-02-2015

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2015.33

  1432

  PDF (Italian): 6

• Formazione in Cure Palliative: un passo decisivo verso la qualità del fine vita

  Adriana Turriziani, Carlo Barone, Alessandra Cassano

  28-02-2013

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2013.113

  906

  PDF (Italian): 5

• Dialysis at the end of life: when is withdrawing ethically justified?

  Barbara Corsano, Dario Sacchini, Nicola Panocchia, Antonio G. Spagnolo

  333-343

  03-11-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2022.1215

  881

  PDF (Italian): 28

• Ethical aspects in the prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

  Raffaele Manna, Alberto Migliore, Angelo Serra

  02-07-1988

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1988.1322

  193

  PDF: 0

• Official medicine and unconventional therapies: from conflict to integration?

  P. Bellavite, M. Semizzi, P. Musso, R. Ortolani, G. Andrioli

  877-904

  31-10-2001

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2001.735

  262

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Medical relationship with dying patient: specific psychological support

  Secondo Fassino

  923-937

  31-10-1997

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1997.868

  362

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Medical genetic engineering and the Catholic Church's teaching

  Angelo Serra

  259-284

  30-04-1995

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1995.986

  303

  PDF: 0

• The Debate in Bioethics - Bone marrow transplantation in beta-thalassaemia

  [No Authors Listed]

  21-08-1989

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1989.1290

  165

  PDF: 5

• Technology, medicine and society: a role-playing of covenants and contrasts.

  Elena Colombetti

  491-508

  30-06-2001

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2001.727

  244

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Euthanasia and the right to life: ethical-social problems

  Antonio Tarantino

  199-217

  30-04-1992

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1992.1105

  277

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Is it morally licit to prematurely induce labor in a woman with severe Marfan syndrome?

  Augustín Silberberg

  111-116

  03-04-2025

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2025.1632

  613

  PDF: 5

• Health education in adolescents: strategies and individual responses

  Maria Luisa Di Pietro

  861-884

  31-10-1997

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1997.865

  468

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Personal attitudes and denialist views about the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: a national survey

  Antonella Sisto, Livia Quintiliani, Flavia Vicinanza, Silvia Fabris, Laura Leondina Campanozzi, Giuseppe Curcio, Mirta Michilli, Alfonso Molina, Giampaolo Ghilardi, Andrea Manazza, Gaetano Lauri, Rocco Gentile, Antonio Perciaccante, Francesco De Micco, Luca Navarini, Lourdes Velázquez, Mario Picozzi, Giovanna Ricci, Flora Piacquadio, Melissa Maioni, Fabio Ermili, Mario Tambone, Gian Luca Chelucci, Massimo Ciccozzi, Vittoradolfo Tambone

  143-156

  07-07-2022

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2022.1204

  786

  PDF: 16

• Self-surveillance and power: perspective gazes of mobile-health

  Lorella Meola

  311-325

  03-11-2020

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2020.705

  1308

  PDF: 8

• Forced feeding for anorexic patient?

  Maria Luisa Di Pietro, Gianluigi Conte, Adelia Lucattini, Antonio G. Spagnolo

  381-398

  30-04-1993

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1993.1061

  274

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Ethical clinical consultancy in a pediatric center. The experience of Pediatric Hospital “Bambino Gesù”

  Rossana Ruggiero

  437-445

  20-12-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2024.1617

  326

  PDF (Italian): 6

• Scientific progress and internal medicine

  Giovanni Federspil, Roberto Vettor

  287-298

  30-04-1997

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1997.883

  235

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Anthropological lines of Evangelium Vitae

  Livio Melina

  677-700

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1995.968

  247

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Decisions at the end of life: the use and abuse of the concept of futility.

  Edmund D. Pellegrino

  867-895

  31-10-2002

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2002.684

  650

  PDF (Italian): 12

• Surgical treatment of tubal infertility

  Riccardo Marana, Giovan Fiore Catalano, Ludovico Muzii

  67-74

  28-02-1993

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1993.1069

  226

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Approach to death in the Obstetric-Gynaecological Institute of Milan at the beginning of the 20th Century. Reflections on the doctor's care in accompanying human dying

  Giuseppina Persico, Michele Augusto Riva

  295-310

  23-10-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2024.1593

  321

  PDF: 4

• Narrative Medicine, a communicative practice that directs care towards the person

  Massimiliano Marinelli

  55-71

  12-04-2021

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2021.929

  2280

  PDF: 16

• Silence or disclosure? Professional confidentiality and nursing

  Maria Luisa Di Pietro

  779-797

  31-08-1990

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1990.1170

  277

  PDF (Italian): 0

• "Unsustainable drugs" and intergenerational healthcare justice

  Pietro Refolo, Dario Sacchini, Filippo Rumi, Americo Cicchetti, Antonio G. Spagnolo

  411-422

  20-12-2019

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2019.596

  954

  PDF (Italian): 27

• Anthropology at the basis of medicine: an old and up to date debate

  Cesare Catananti

  1135 - 1150

  31-12-1996

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1996.894

  260

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Bioethical perspectives of neurostimulation.

  Luca Borghi

  1203-1214

  31-12-2004

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2004.624

  295

• Ten theories about persistent vegetative state

  Paolo Cattorini

  927-954

  31-10-1994

  173

  PDF (Italian): 2

• Metodologia della diagnosi differenziale

  Cesare Scandellari

  27-09-2024

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1985.1440

  163

  PDF: 0

• Clinical Bioethics - Adolescence and alimentary behaviour: ethical trends and educational strategies.

  Lorenza Marinozzi

  1219-1249

  31-12-1998

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1998.818

  233

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Bioetica clinica - Ethical problems in occupational diagnosis

  Nicola Magnavita, Angelo Sacco, Giuseppe De Lorenzo

  515-524

  30-06-1996

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1996.909

  242

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Newborn with Ohtahara Syndrome and absence of respiratory trigger: ethical issues in the NICU

  Barbara Corsano, Dario Sacchini, Giovanni Vento, Simonetta Costa, Alice Esposito, Domenica Battaglia, Michela Quintiliani, Antonio G. Spagnolo

  69-82

  11-04-2023

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2023.1229

  883

  PDF (Italian): 18

• The generandi and coeundi impotence for men and women: humano modo, verum semen.

  Roberto Picardi

  997-1015

  31-10-2004

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2004.628

  434

  PDF: 3

• Paura, sofferenza, speranza e coraggio nella malattia / Fear, suffering, hope and courage in disease

  Angelo Fiori

  30-04-2011

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.169

  1006

  PDF (Italian): 45

• Continuing care unit: new therapeutic and care solution in terminal illness

  Adriana Turriziani, Luigia Nardone, Maria Rosaria Spedicato, Anna Maria Scopa, Luca Marmiroli

  07-09-1988

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1988.1327

  181

  PDF: 0

• The ethical challenge of genetic testing for breast cancer

  Antonella Surbone

  469-484

  30-06-1999

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1999.799

  326

  PDF (Italian): 0

• Genetic diagnosis of workers: recent scientific findings, ethical and ethical-legal problems

  Vincenza Mele, Giuseppina Girlando, Elio Sgreccia

  301-329

  30-04-1990

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1990.1183

  252

  PDF (Italian): 0

• The Best Interest of the Child in the Indi Gregory case: a crucial test for clinical ethics

  Rossana Ruggiero, Francesco Saverio Spiezia, Rebecca Moncada, Antonela Kolaj, Arianna Brullo, Benedetta Peretti, Giorgia Torchio, Martina Avola, Stefano Kaczmarek

  85-98

  13-04-2026

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2026.1672

  383

  PDF (Italian): 12

• Ethical aspects of the prevention of Hiv infection

  Lino Ciccone

  271 - 279

  30-04-1996

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.1996.915

  273

  PDF (Italian): 1

• Informazione e comunicazione in caso di patologia con prognosi grave o infausta: considerazioni etiche e medico-legali

  Paola Delbon, Adelaide Conti, Massimo Gandolfini

  30-04-2011

  https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.173

  842

  PDF (Italian): 0