Original Articles
V. 55 N. 1 (2006)
La diagnosi genetica preimpianto: aspetti biomedici con aggiornamenti di letteratura scientifica
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Pubblicato: 28 febbraio 2006
898
Visite
7
Downloads
Autori
Dirigente Medico, Dip. di Scienze Ostetrico-Ginecologiche, Urologiche e Medicina della
Riproduzione, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Master in Bioetica Pontificia
Università Lateranense, Roma, Italia.
Dottoranda in Patologia e Fisiopatologia Molecolare,
Dip. di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano", Università degli Studi di
Napoli "Federico II", Italia.
Contrattista BIOGEM, Italia.
Ordinario di Biologia Cellulare, Dip.
di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano", Università degli Studi di Napoli
"Federico II", Italia.
----------
In this article the authors study biomedical issues of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), considering the scientific literature. PGD is an early form of diagnosis for patients at risk of transmitting an inherited disease to their offspring. Patients have to go through in vitro fertilization (IVF, ICSI) to produce embryos for PGD. Furthermore, some authors suggest sex selection by PGD for family balancing or social preimplantation diagnosis. The authors analyse the risk of PGD (e.g. diagnostic failure, embryo-survival after biopsy, embryo loss and pregnancy rate). A biopsy of the embryos, removing 1-2 cells, and single cell diagnosis are performed to determine which embryos are free from the genetic disease. 1-2 cells are aspirated through a hole in zona pellucida made by acidified Tyrodes solution or a non-contact laser. Removal of the first and second polar body, either sequentially or simultaneously has also been performed for PGD, mainly for age-related aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS). Polar body analysis is limited to maternally inherited disease as the paternal chromosomes cannot be analyzed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used on single cells for PGD since the first report of PGD for cystic fibrosis. PCR is hampered by the risk of contamination and allele dropout. Paternal contamination can be overcome by using intracytoplamatic sperm injection (ICSI) to achieve fertilization. PGD has been performed for X-linked (e.g. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia, fragile X syndrome), recessive (e.g. cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, spinal muscular atrophy) and dominant (e.g. myotinic dystrophy, Huntington's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder) diseases. Since it is difficult to karyotype single bastomeres, interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to analyze chromosomes in embryos. FISH for sexing for X-linked disease was the first application, and PGD may be performed for carriers of various balanced chromosome aberrations, e.g. translocations, inversions, deletions, using probes designed to detect the specific aberration. Recent advances in molecular diagnosis technique have included the use of multiplex PC, whole genome amplification, comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) and DNA microarray. The rules and legislation regulating PGD varies from country to country, from no legislation at all to total prohibition.