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Terapie fetali: questioni etiche / Fetal therapies: ethical issues
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Through prenatal diagnosis it is nowadays possible to identify several pathologies which, if treated during pregnancy, can result in complete healing or in lesser damages to the fetus. These therapies, however, require an ethical assessment prior to their execution. Part one introduces the various stages in which a clinical intervention is possible (during pregnancy or after delivery). There are a number of pathologies for which no therapy is available and which may lead to eugenic abortion. This is against the dignity of the human being and it is emblematic of a "culture of waste". In such circumstance, counselling is fundamental. The following section analyzes therapeutic opportunities. First of all, it is appropriate to involve the couple in an "educational therapy" in order to have them understand the problem as a whole and foster an informed choice. Subsequently, intervention techniques are presented (treatment, transfusion, surgery, genetics). For particularly unfortunate situations, the importance of a "welcome therapy", of the perinatal hospice and palliative care is highlighted. The subsequent section focuses on access criteria to fetal therapies from an ethical perspective. First, the fetus is regarded as a patient to be treated with a personalized and proportionate approach. In addition, the need of an informed consent by parents is highlighted, also for experimental operations, and this leads to the assessment of further consequences that fetal therapy may have in the short-medium term. Also, the refusal of therapeutic persistence is analyzed, which may lead to renouncing treatment. A last consideration concerns the high cost of the whole procedure in terms of equity and sustainability of therapies. Finally, by regarding the fetus as a subject to take care of and fostering an adequate approach to the diagnosis-prognosis- therapy process, fetal therapies may be defined as ethically correct for the welfare well being of the child.
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