Original Articles
Vol. 64 No. 6 (2015)
La consulenza etica in chirurgia
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Published: 1 August 2016
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Authors
Medico chirurgo, Responsabile SSD Chirurgia dell'Esofago e delle Vie Digestive, Centro Specializzato Regionale per la Chirurgia dell'Esofago; Dipartimento di Chirugia Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy.
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Clinical ethics is embedded in the practice of surgery. Surgeons live and practice a form of applied surgical ethics in their daily activity. The need to unravel and overcome ethical challenges in surgery has been fully recognized only recently. Few decades ago the patients were told what the surgeons considered best for them and despite little discussion was possible very few patients refused operation and sued. Things have changed rapidly. The development of amazing new technologies and the great progress of anaesthesia and intensive care have allowed surgeons to do more for patients than ever before. Unfortunately personal and trusting relationship with patients are often not as strong as they were in the past. Hospital organization has changed and surgeons now have to visit too many patients, to perform too many operations and do not have enough time to establish a close relationship with their patients. Surgical ethics has emphasized that surgeons have many professional roles: clinicians, researchers, team leaders, teachers, consultant or active policy makers, responsible for the use of expensive and precious human and technologic resources. The complexity of these roles and the potential conflicts that can arise demand the surgeons to become skilled in unravelling ethical challenges. Ethical challenges in surgery include helping patients and family to make informed choices and give an informed consent, communicating bad news, deciding on palliative operations, dealing with surgical complications and life threatening operations, changing procedures during surgery for unexpected anatomical or pathological findings, introducing new surgical techinques and new technologies and more. New ethical dilemmas also arise in transplant surgery, in research activities, in the development of new operations, in the training of the new generation of surgeons and in healthcare policy choices and the allocation of the limited available resources. Bedside ethics consultation in surgery is often useful in unravelling the complex ethical challenges that surgeons have to face. The formal teaching of ethics should be part of medical and surgical training. Good clinical surgery requires the best use of clinical, scientific, technical and ethical skills.