Original Articles
V. 64 N. 1 (2015)
https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2015.33
L'utilizzo del placebo secondo l'ultima versione della Dichiarazione di Helsinki. Dibattito fra due posizioni etiche
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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In October 2013, at Fortaleza (Brazil), during the 64th General Assembly of the World Medical Association (WMA), the latest version of the Helsinki Declaration (HD) was approved, a key document in the ethics of experimentation on human beings, which in 2014 celebrated its 50th anniversary. Among the major controversial points certainly stands that relating to the use of the placebo in scientific research, especially in cases where effective drugs are already available for the pathologies which are the object of experimentation. The fundamental question concerns the ethical adequacy of and circumstantial conditions according to which the placebo can be offered to patients who are part of the control group of a research trial on a new drug, when an effective treatment for that disease already exists and is utilized with some benefit. Our contribution offers a careful examination of the two great ethical- scientific approaches to the question, especially in the light of the last updating of the HD. The first great approach, whose main authors are F.G. Miller and H. Brody, defend an extensive use of the placebo focusing on the distinction between medical ethics and experimental ethics. The other great approach, prominent representatives of which are B. Freedman, C. Weijer and S. Garattini, does not see a distinction between research and medicine for the obligation of the physician to always offer the best standards of care, and therefore, limit the use of the placebo to a few cases. We have thus tried to show the following propositions. 1. The problematic nature of the Declaration, even in its latest update. In fact, on the one hand, it promotes the principle of beneficence, specifying that the patients involved in the trial should be treated the same way as ordinary patients (art. 4), and on the other hand it legitimates the PCT in the case of "convincing and scientifically sound methodological reasons" (Art. 33). 2. The scarce consideration given to the HD, or a wide and permissive interpretation regarding the use of the placebo, by the two pharmeceutical agencies the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). 3. Our preference for the position of the limited use of the placebo, both for scientific reasons and because it is more consonant with the ethical tradition of the therapeutic obligation to care, and of the principle of non-disposability of the person. 4. The unacceptability from the theoretical point of view of the HD in the part in question - undoubtedly closer to the position of the limited use of the placebo - which however, in practice results in a facile vulnerability to economic pressures and distances ethics from the spirit of beneficence, that for 50 years has characterized and distinguished it.
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L’utilizzo del placebo secondo l’ultima versione della Dichiarazione di Helsinki. Dibattito fra due posizioni etiche. (2015). Medicina e Morale, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2015.33
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